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What is Shock? – Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Management Shock is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. This lack of adequate blood circulation means that vital organs like the brain, heart, and kidneys do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients, leading to cellular and organ dysfunction. If not treated promptly, shock can result in permanent organ damage or death. Understanding Shock In medical terms, shock is not simply an emotional state (like being surprised or scared); rather, it is a critical condition involving the circulatory system. The body’s tissues require a constant supply of oxygenated blood to function. When blood flow is insufficient—due to various causes—cells begin to fail, resulting in widespread bodily collapse. Shock is considered a medical emergency and demands immediate attention. Types of Shock Shock is classified into several types based on its underlying cause: 1. Hypovolemic Shock This occu...

Paget's Disease of Bone: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Paget’s disease of bone is a chronic skeletal disorder that interferes with the body’s normal bone remodeling process. In this disease, the balance between bone destruction and bone formation is disrupted, leading to the formation of abnormally large, weak, and disorganized bones. This can result in bone deformities, pain, fractures, and other complications. The condition most commonly affects older adults and is usually detected through routine blood tests or imaging done for other reasons. Although it is not a life-threatening condition, timely diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent complications. Table of Contents What is Paget’s Disease? Normal Bone Remodeling vs. Paget’s Disease Causes and Risk Factors Signs and Symptoms Commonly Affected Bones Diagnosis Treatment Options Complications Living with Paget’s Disease Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 1. What is Paget’...

⚡ Electrotherapy MCQs (1–100) 1. What is the basic unit of electrical charge? A) Ampere B) Volt C) Coulomb D) Ohm Answer: C) Coulomb 2. Which device is primarily used for pain relief using low-frequency current? A) Ultrasound B) TENS C) SWD D) Iontophoresis Answer: B) TENS 3. The resistance to current flow is measured in: A) Ampere B) Volt C) Ohm D) Farad Answer: C) Ohm 4. What is the frequency range of Interferential Therapy (IFT)? A) 0–10 Hz B) 2500–5000 Hz C) 10000–12000 Hz D) 1–100 Hz Answer: B) 2500–5000 Hz 5. Which current is used in Russian stimulation? A) Galvanic current B) Medium frequency AC C) Faradic current D) High voltage pulsed current Answer: B) Medium frequency AC 6. Which of the following is NOT an effect of TENS? A) Pain relief B) Muscle strengthening C) Increased circulation D) Sensory stimulation Answer: B) Muscle strengthening 7. Which electrode placement is used for Iontophoresis? A) Bipolar B) Monopolar C) Quadripolar D...

Best Exercises for Stroke Patients: Regain Strength, Balance & Mobility Stroke rehabilitation is a crucial part of recovery after a stroke. The right exercises help improve motor skills, restore mobility, reduce muscle stiffness , and enhance independence in daily life . Whether you're a patient, caregiver, or therapist, understanding effective stroke rehab exercises can accelerate healing and improve quality of life. 🏥 Why Are Exercises Important After Stroke? After a stroke, parts of the brain controlling movement may be damaged. As a result, patients often experience: Muscle weakness Poor balance and coordination Limited range of motion Spasticity (tight muscles) Regular and targeted exercises: Improve brain plasticity Retrain the nervous system Restore functional independence ⚠️ Important Guidelines Before Starting Consult a physiotherapist or doctor before beginning. Start with low-intensity exercises . Focus on both the affected a...

Bicipital Tendinitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention Bicipital tendinitis , also known as biceps tendinitis , is an inflammation or irritation of the biceps tendon , which connects the biceps muscle to the shoulder and the elbow. This condition typically occurs as a result of overuse , repetitive movements, or trauma , leading to pain, discomfort, and decreased mobility, particularly around the shoulder. Whether you're an athlete or someone who engages in repetitive physical activities, this condition can significantly impact your daily routines. In this article, we’ll discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and ways to prevent bicipital tendinitis. 🧠 What Is Bicipital Tendinitis? Bicipital tendinitis refers to the inflammation of the biceps tendon , which is responsible for controlling the movement of the biceps muscle. The biceps tendon is located at the front of the upper arm and attaches the biceps muscle to the shoulder joint and the elbow j...

Athetoid Cerebral Palsy: Understanding, Characteristics, and Management Athetoid cerebral palsy , also known as dyskinetic cerebral palsy , is a subtype of cerebral palsy (CP) characterized by involuntary, writhing movements that predominantly affect the face, hands, and feet. Unlike the more common spastic form, athetoid CP involves fluctuating muscle tone—alternating between hypertonia (rigidity) and hypotonia (floppiness)—which can make voluntary movement and posture control especially challenging. 📌 What Is Athetoid Cerebral Palsy? Definition : Athetoid CP is a form of cerebral palsy marked by slow, involuntary writhing motions (athetoid movements) combined with periods of involuntary postures or rigidity. Also called : Dyskinetic CP (the umbrella term for athetoid, choreoathetoid, and dystonic variants). 🔍 Causes & Pathophysiology Perinatal Hypoxic–Ischemic Injury Oxygen deprivation around birth can damage the basal ganglia and thalamus , the brain regions...

Thought for a couple of seconds Cerebral Palsy Treatment Cerebral palsy (CP) is a lifelong neurological disorder caused by non-progressive brain injury or malformation occurring in the developing brain, most often before birth. While CP itself is not curable, early intervention and a multifaceted treatment plan can dramatically improve motor function, communication, independence, and quality of life. This article provides an in-depth look at current treatment strategies for cerebral palsy, emphasizing evidence-based therapies and practical guidance for families and clinicians. 📌 Understanding Treatment Goals The primary goals of CP treatment are to: Maximize functional abilities (mobility, self-care, communication) Prevent or minimize secondary complications (contractures, scoliosis, pain) Enhance participation in school, social, and recreational activities Support families with education, equipment, and respite services A personalized, team-based plan—tailored to...