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Avascular Necrosis (AVN): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Management Avascular necrosis (AVN) —also known as osteonecrosis —is a progressive condition in which bone tissue dies due to a loss of blood supply . Without adequate blood flow, the bone collapses over time, ultimately leading to joint destruction. AVN most commonly affects the femoral head of the hip but can also occur in the shoulder, knee, ankle, scaphoid, or other bones. Early diagnosis is critical because early-stage AVN is reversible , whereas late-stage AVN often requires joint replacement surgery. What Causes Avascular Necrosis? AVN occurs when the blood supply to a bone is disrupted. Common causes include: 1. Trauma A fracture or dislocation can damage blood vessels, especially around the hip joint. Example: Femoral neck fractures frequently cause AVN. 2. Corticosteroid Use Long-term or high-dose steroid therapy (e.g., for asthma, autoimmune disorders) is one of the most common non-traumatic causes . 3....