What is bronchiectasis? pathology, morphology and types
What is Bronchiectasis?—Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, and Key Features Definition Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles, caused by destruction of the muscular and elastic components of the bronchial walls. It results from chronic or recurrent infection and airway obstruction, leading to permanent structural damage and impaired mucus clearance. Key Characteristics Persistent, productive cough Foul-smelling or purulent sputum Recurrent respiratory infections May lead to hemoptysis (coughing up blood) in severe cases Etiology (Causes) Cause Description Infections Recurrent bacterial infections (e.g., TB, pneumonia, measles, pertussis) Bronchial obstruction Tumors, foreign bodies, or enlarged lymph nodes Cystic fibrosis (CF) Most common genetic cause, with thick mucus and chronic infections Immunodeficiency e.g., HIV, IgA deficiency Primary ciliary dyskinesia (e.g., Kartagener syndrome) → de...