What is bronchiectasis? pathology, morphology and types
What is Bronchiectasis?—Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, and Key Features Definition Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles , caused by destruction of the muscular and elastic components of the bronchial walls. It results from chronic or recurrent infection and airway obstruction , leading to permanent structural damage and impaired mucus clearance . Key Characteristics Persistent, productive cough Foul-smelling or purulent sputum Recurrent respiratory infections May lead to hemoptysis (coughing up blood) in severe cases Etiology (Causes) Cause Description Infections Recurrent bacterial infections (e.g., TB , pneumonia , measles , pertussis ) Bronchial obstruction Tumors, foreign bodies, or enlarged lymph nodes Cystic fibrosis (CF) Most common genetic cause, with thick mucus and chronic infections Immunodeficiency e.g., HIV , IgA deficiency Primary ciliary dyskinesia (e.g., Kartagener syndr...