What are the conditions related to emphysema?
1. Chronic Bronchitis Often coexists with emphysema in COPD patients. Characterized by a persistent productive cough for ≥3 months in 2 consecutive years . Main difference: more mucus production and bronchial inflammation vs. alveolar destruction in emphysema. 2. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Genetic disorder (autosomal recessive) causing early-onset panacinar emphysema , especially in lower lobes . Alpha-1 antitrypsin protects lung tissue from proteolytic enzymes (like elastase) . Deficiency → unchecked tissue destruction. 3. Recurrent Respiratory Infections Damaged airways and impaired mucociliary clearance increase susceptibility. Common infections: Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , Moraxella catarrhalis . 4. Pulmonary Hypertension Chronic hypoxia → pulmonary vasoconstriction → increased pulmonary arterial pressure. Leads to right-sided heart strain . 5. Cor Pulmonale (Right Heart Failure) A complication of ...