What is spina bifida? causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis and traetment.

What is Spina Bifida?

Understanding This Common Yet Complex Birth Defect

Spina bifida is one of the most common neural tube defects, affecting thousands of babies every year worldwide. Though the term might sound intimidating, understanding what spina bifida is — its causes, types, symptoms, and treatment options — can go a long way in raising awareness and offering support to affected families.

🧠 What is Spina Bifida?

Spina bifida is a birth defect that occurs when the spinal column does not form properly during early pregnancy. The term literally means “split spine.” In babies with spina bifida, part of the spinal cord and its surrounding structures may develop abnormally or remain exposed.

This condition can range from mild (with little or no symptoms) to severe (causing disability). It’s a type of neural tube defect, which means it affects the embryonic structure that becomes the brain and spinal cord.

🔍 What Causes Spina Bifida?

The exact cause of spina bifida isn’t fully known, but several factors may contribute:

  • Folic acid deficiency in early pregnancy

  • Genetic predisposition

  • Maternal diabetes or obesity

  • Use of certain medications during pregnancy (e.g., anti-seizure drugs)

  • Environmental influences

The neural tube, which eventually forms the brain and spinal cord, usually closes by the 28th day of pregnancy. In spina bifida, this closure is incomplete.

🧬 Types of Spina Bifida



There are three main types of spina bifida, each varying in severity:

1. Spina Bifida Occulta (Hidden)

  • The mildest and most common form

  • A small gap in the spine, but no opening or sac on the back

  • Often has no symptoms and is found incidentally on an X-ray

2. Meningocele

  • A sac of fluid comes through an opening in the spine

  • The spinal cord is not in the sac

  • May cause minor disabilities

3. Myelomeningocele (Severe form)

  • The most serious type

  • A portion of the spinal cord and nerves protrudes through the back in a sac

  • Causes significant physical and neurological disabilities

👶 Symptoms of Spina Bifida

Symptoms depend on the type and severity of the condition. Common signs include

  • Visible sac or bulge on the baby’s back

  • Weakness or paralysis in the legs

  • Bladder or bowel control issues

  • Hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain)

  • Learning difficulties (in some cases)

In mild forms like spina bifida occulta, there may be no noticeable symptoms at all.

🩺 How is Spina Bifida Diagnosed?

During Pregnancy:

  • Ultrasound can detect physical signs of spina bifida.

  • AFP blood test (Alpha-fetoprotein): Higher levels may indicate a neural tube defect.

  • Amniocentesis: Tests for genetic abnormalities and spinal cord problems.

After Birth:

  • Physical examination and imaging tests like X-rays, MRIs, or CT scans can confirm the diagnosis.

💊 Treatment and Management

There is no complete cure, but early treatment and ongoing care can help improve outcomes and quality of life.

1. Surgery

  • Prenatal surgery (in selected cases) repairs the spine before birth.

  • Postnatal surgery is often done within 48 hours after birth to close the spine and reduce infection risk.

2. Supportive Therapies

  • Physical therapy for mobility and muscle strength

  • Occupational therapy to assist with daily tasks

  • Bladder and bowel management programs

3. Assistive Devices

  • Braces, crutches, or wheelchairs may be needed, depending on the severity of paralysis.

4. Ongoing Medical Care

  • Regular monitoring for hydrocephalus and shunt placement if needed

  • Urologists, neurologists, orthopedic doctors, and developmental therapists often work together in care

❤️ Living with Spina Bifida

Children and adults with spina bifida can live active, fulfilling lives with the right support. Many go to school, participate in sports, and lead independent lives.

Early diagnosis, access to healthcare, education, and emotional support make a big difference. Families often find strength in spina bifida support groups and networks.

🌱 Can Spina Bifida Be Prevented?

Yes — to a large extent. Taking folic acid supplements before and during early pregnancy significantly reduces the risk.

✅ Prevention Tips:

  • Take 400 mcg of folic acid daily before conception and during early pregnancy

  • Eat folate-rich foods (leafy greens, oranges, beans)

  • Control chronic conditions like diabetes

  • Avoid harmful medications or substances during pregnancy

📌 Final Thoughts

Spina bifida is a life-changing condition, but it doesn’t have to define the person who has it. With early diagnosis, proper medical care, and a strong support system, individuals with spina bifida can overcome challenges and thrive.

Raising awareness and promoting folic acid intake among women of childbearing age is key to reducing the number of spina bifida cases around the world.

🔍 Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. Is spina bifida inherited?
It can run in families, but most cases occur without a family history.

Q2. Can spina bifida be detected before birth?
Yes, through prenatal screening tests like ultrasound and blood tests.

Q3. Is spina bifida fatal?
Not usually. With proper care, most children with spina bifida live into adulthood.

Q4. Can adults have spina bifida?
Yes. Many live into adulthood and may lead independent lives with varying levels of assistance.


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